4^th World Congress on Pathology and Clinical Practice October 14-15, 2021 Vienna, Austria

Anatomical pathology is a study that is concern with the identification and examination of disease based on the microscopic, macroscopic, molecular, and immunologic and biochemical examination of organs and tissues. It  includes the verification of the chemical properties of cells, and their immunological markers. This includes abscission in the examination of tissues removed during surgery. 

In this pathologist may be a doctor who does the identification and detection writes the report on the related study of the tissue that is affected. Pathology reports play a major role in cancer diagnosis and it helps in describing the extent of cancer cells and tissue within the body, especially it's spread. which helps to determine treatment and prevention.

It’s a research into cancer cells, tissues, fluids and organs to identify & detect causes and develop the strategies for detection, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and cure. Patient who thought scientific methods & techniques are the proper cancer research processes can brought the important perspectives to modern science research. This is mainly important in rare cancers i.e. sarcoma, Neuroendocrine, Lymphoma, Paediatric each patient becomes a valuable source of information for better identification & diagnose, it helps to understand the biology and the effect and can take preventive measure and treatment.

Human body are constantly exposed to toxic and hazardous pollutants in the surrounding biosphere .i.e. air, water, soil. Metal traces main in environmental pathology because it shows broad range of reactions and their extreme effects on the biological function of organ system of the organism. Exposed to toxic metal traces have been the topic of numerous environmental and geochemical examination, and many research had been published on the chronic and acute effects of low and high level exposure to these types of materials .i.e. many data are published in concern with the health effects of low and high level toxic & chronic exposure to many trace metals. Toxic & Chronic high and low level exposures to hazardous elements .i.e. arsenic, cadmium and lead have been seen to the cause of metal accumulation in the cells, tissues and organs over the period of the  time, leads to the multiple severe effects in exposed individuals.

A virus is the microscopic infectious agent that duplicates inside the living cells of an organism. These can affect all life forms .i.e. plants, animals and micro-organisms which include bacteria and archaea or extremophiles.  Viruses can be found in almost every biosphere on Earth. The aim of understanding the interaction between virus, host, and micro biota is to examine the practical, efficient, and safe approach that targets the  micro biota for the preventive  measure and treating of viral diseases in plants, animals and micro-organisms  as a result there are few effective antiviral dose are available. The first step to achieve this is to collect the clinical traces and evidence that focus on the viral pathogens. Plants, animal and micro-organisms studies have shown the interaction with micro biota. The major step is to identify the cycle of mechanisms, through practical and experimental evidence this support the development of translational applications that target micro biota.

Paediatric Pathology is the field of science where the pathologists who are technically specialized in the identification and examination of disease in fetus, infant and child. A neo-natal pathologist is concern with the normal fetus growth, improvement, hereditary complications and abnormalities that occur during the stage or phase of pregnancy, birthing, and early neonatal life. Paediatric Pathology is particular to duration rather than certainly to organ and helps in detection of that certain organ which is specific to the fetus and the placenta. Progressive diseases are not common in children but tumours are relatively common, despite the types of tumour are different from those in adults.

Dermatopathology is the study of epidermis layer of the body this mainly focused and concern with the detection and identification of disease for the treatment, cure and prevention. There are two main ways that a physician or specialist can take to obtain the correct and accqurate result. All pathologists and dermatologists are trained in the Pathology of the epidermis layer of the body or skin, so the  dermatopathology signify either a pathologist or a dermatologist can train or undergo with a course of 1 to 2 year fellowship in the field of Dermatopathology, either of these who has reached a certain level of training and experience. Dermatopathologist must maintain a vast and excellent base knowledge in the clinical dermatology, and be concern with several other specialty areas in Medicine and surgical experiences. Dermatologists are more focused in the identification and to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, behaviour and reactions. Sometimes, epidermis layer has taken for the biopsy that is to be examined under the microscope under the laboratory conditions using usual histological tests for the study of cell and tissues for the correct result and preventive measure and cure for the disease. 

Cardiac Pathology is the study that mainly concern for various diseases that are related with heart. Diseases that include .i.e. congenital heart disease, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, valvular heart disease, pericardial disease, and cardiac tumours have been discussed in cardiac pathology. Common or basic symptoms of heart disease are chest pain, slow heartbeat, dizziness, tachycardia, fainting, and edema. The cardiac pathology also perform the autopsies for the detection and examination of cells, tissues, or the biological materials after the death of the patient. This plays a major role  to determine or to identify the cause of the death. This can be taken as preventive measure to screen the patient’s family for any further heart disease or related health issues.

Immunopathology is the field of science the deals with the immune responses of the animals and plants towards the diseases. The immune is either inherited by parent and secondly it can be gained by self the immune pathology helps in the study of responses of the organisms to specific disease for the survival. Allergy, sensitivity, shows the immune response of the organisms. The improper and malfunctioning of the immune response is the major problem for the disease and the illness in the organisms.

Breast Pathology is the science that deals with the study of major diseases that are in concern or related with the breast. This can be determined and can be identified by profestional healthcare workers. The test can include scans that can be related to present situation of the patients. It is advised to take ultrasound exams for the breast during the pregnancy to avoid the affect of radiation. In the same way MRI scan is also advised in case the patient is pregnant these tests helps in the identification of lump in the tissue. This also helps to prevent the disease and cancer in early stage.

Neuropathology is the science that mainly focus on the disease of eyes and the nervous system. These include brain and the spinal cord a neuropathologist  identify and detect the disease of the nervous system tissue. In this autopsy were done in brain to collect the materials like brain specimens from the patients that suffer from the head injury, cerebrovascular diseases, neuroinfections, neurodevelopmental & neurodegenerative disorders, brain cancer and brain tumors this help in the futher study of the cause disease and to take preventive measure to control and cure the disease. 

Pulmonary Pathology it deals with detection, identification and examination of the lungs. The specimens were collected in the form of two types Upper Respiratory Tract Specimens and  Lower Respiratory Tract Specimens. The tests are important to detect and diagnose the infection and the disease that infected the lungs. In the present scenario the test for the pulmonary are essential to detect the early stage of the infection like covid, tuberculosis, pneumonia and lung infection. These test includes X-rays, CT scans, swap collection. These helps in prevention and the treatment of the disease in the early stages.

Renal pathology  with the study and diagnosis of disease of the kidneys. The Renal Pathology Laboratory comes under the department of Pathology and Cell Biology the renal pathology technically specialized for the diagnosis of diseases of the kidney. Renal pathologists use special techniques and  tests. This include the electron microscopes to detect the cells that cause diseases in kidneys.

Forensic science use the scientific technology that can be used for crime cases to know the events that have occurred in the time of the crime. This includes the collection, analyzing, identifying, detection, prepareing evidence in order to solve crime effectively. For the forensic pathology specimens are like hair, blood, body fluids, nails, skin, autopsy or post-mortem of the body, sample collection for detection of poison and the cause of the death.

Cytopathology is a study of material which is concerned with the microscopic identification of individual cells, tissues that obtained from bodily fluid . Cytopathologists are experienced and trained to perform fine-needle aspirates of superficially located organs, masses, or cysts and are often able to render an immediate diagnosis in the presence of the patient and consulting physician. Cytopathology is commonly used to detect diseases involved a wide range of body sites. Cytopathologic tests are known to be smear tests as the sample may be spread or smear on top of a glass slide that can be kept under the microscope to detect the cells in order to find the diseases.

In clinical practice, histopathology term that refers to the microscopic detection of many forms of a biopsy or surgical samples taken by a pathologist, after the sample is to be processed and has to place in a glass slides. The identification of tissues starts with surgery and autopsy. The tissue is taken from the body of an organism and then placed in a formalin solution that stabilizes the tissues to prevent and protect it from decay. The parts or the sections must be stained and smear with one or more pigments to see the cells under a microscope. Staining or stains is to be done to reveal the cellular components; counterstains are used to provide contrast and easy to identify.

Hematopathology is the science that deals with the study of diseases of blood cells that includes with the study of white blood cells, red blood cells, plasma, platelets, toxic level, colestrol, tissues, and organs that comprise the hematopoietic system. The term hematopoietic system determine to tissues and organs that contain and include bone marrow, the lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and other lymphoid tissues.

Psychopathology the term refers to the study of the mental illness, severe disorder, Anxiety disorders, Behavioural and emotional disorders in children, bipolar affective disorder, Depression, Dissociation and dissociative disorders, Eating disorders, Obsessive compulsive disorder, Paranoia. The purpose of psychopathology is to classify mental illness, identify its underlying causes, and guide or helps to investigate clinical psychiatric treatment in a proper form. Mental behaviours, illness, and social disorders seen generally as unhealthy and excessive in a specific individual, to the point where the patient cause harm or severe disruption to the sufferer's lifestyle and family.

The components of speech pathology include study and details about producing sound, phonation; resonance; intonation, fluency; variance of pitch; and voice, including aeromechanical components of respiration. The components of language include: morphology- understanding and using minimal units of meaning; phonology- manipulating sound according to the rules of a language; syntax- constructing sentences by using languages' grammar rules; semantics - interpreting signs or symbols of communication to construct meaning; and pragmatics - social aspects of communication.

Oral and maxillofacial pathology deals with the diagnosis, clinical management and investigation of diseases that affect the oral cavity, including surrounding maxillofacial structures such as epithelial tissues, salivary gland, bone and soft tissue pathologies. It also intersects with the field of dental pathology. Diseases of the mouth, jaw and orofacial skin related structures such as salivary glands, temporomandibular joints; facial muscles and perioral skin are also included in the study.

Polycystic ovarian syndrome is the common female endocrine disorder that usually affect females in the reproductive phase or the stage, affecting some 10%–20% of all women in their reproductive years. It is a syndrome which runs within families due to genes and genetic transfer from the parent. It has a high temperatue of inherent and is currently showm upon as being a complex genetic disorder.

Plant pathology the term also known to be the phytopathology is the scientific and the research study of diseases that occurs in the plants caused mainly by the pathogens or can be occur from the infectious organisms that are responsible for the major disease in the plants and environmental conditions or the physiological factors can also be responsible for it. This field of the science is deeply deals and is connected to plant disease epidemiology, agriculture crops, and the horticulture of species that are valuable and high importance to the human diet and other uses.

Infectious diseases are caused mainly by the pathogens or the pathogenic microorganisms and the agents, by this it shown sicknesses can be spread one individual to another individual. The Zoonotic illnesses the term refers to animal diseases that can made infection to be transmitted to individuals and can cause severe health issues. Treatment of virus or viral spread diseases that are like HIV incorporates tolerance and great favour including antiretroviral treatment this disease majorly affects the immunity of the humans. The Bacterial Infections can be controlled and prevented by taking the proper or relavent medicine for the cure of the bacterial infection. Yeast Infections can be prevented and can be treated by the purification procedures. Disorders like the Cancer can be prevented by the use of Chemotherapy to supress the cancer cells and the tissues that are affecting the specific or the certain body part and the organs. This shows the illnesses that are caused by organisms, infection, microbes and parasites. Each of them has its own particular property, structure, signs, symptoms, nature and indications that incorporate fever, weight loss, weakness, low blood pressure, headaces, abdominal pain, bleeeding and muscle hurts.

In its most recent guidelines for management of small renal tumors, the American Urological Association identified percutaneous thermal ablation as an alternative therapy for tumors smaller than 3 cm in selected patients. Ablative therapies that can be thermal in this heat-based and cold-based are used and non-thermal that are irreversible electroporation are seen. These technology mostly used in the research and clinical practice for treatment and identification of the renal tumors in this the radio-frequency and cryo ablation are seen.

The Genetic gastrointestinal disorder mainly affects the every organ in the digestive system of the body of an organism. This can majorly Cause of the hereditary pancreatitis, and the inherited kidney and liver diseases that are by birth, genetic, family history for the disease. The clinical practice are used to gather the  information on emerging, cause and the evolution of the disease. In this identification, evaluation, management strategies for the genetic testing for related disease. The on time diagnosis is appropriate and effective measurement to manage the condition of the patient who is affected and it also helps to lower the risk for the family members.

Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary drugs and medicine who is trained and experienced in the diagnosis and the identification of diseases through the examination of cells, tissues and body fluids of the animals. Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross examination, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (necropsy).Clinical pathology is a sub speciality of veterinary pathology which is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of body fluids such as blood, urine or tissue aspirates using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, haematology and molecular pathology.

Colon carcinoma or colorectal cancer is the fourth most frequent diagnosed cancer and the second leading and the common cause of cancer death around the world.  The isolation, identification, characterization and detection of tumor genic colon cancer cells may help to devise identification and therapeutic methods. The colorectal cancer is created and can be propagated by a small number of undifferentiated tumor genic cells; therefore it should be the target of future therapies.

Migraine is a frequent and sometimes causes the serious impairment of strength and weakens the body. It shows the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and preventive measure and symptomatic treatment of migraine, with help of drug therapy with the triptans, these are the medication used to calm down the migraine attack or cluster headache. These drugs include almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan to treat the patients with the migraine symptoms.