Pathology and Clinical Practice

The term Molecular Pathology  concerns with the learning of disease; many pathologists spend their much time to detect and analyse clinical samples bio materials or body fluids like blood, bio waste and tissue to identify and diagnose disease or to know how disease emerge and develops. Molecular pathology is majorly utilized in identification of cancer and highly infectious diseases. It’s an emerging discipline within pathology which is concentrated within the study and diagnosis of disease through the identification of molecules within organs, tissues or bodily fluids.

Migraine is a frequent and sometimes causes the serious impairment of strength and weakens the body. It shows the epidemiology, pathophysiology, and preventive measure and symptomatic treatment of migraine, with help of drug therapy with the triptans, these are the medication used to calm down the migraine attack or cluster headache. These drugs include almotriptan, eletriptan, frovatriptan, naratriptan, rizatriptan, sumatriptan, zolmitriptan to treat the patients with the migraine symptoms.

Plant pathology the term also known to be the phytopathology is the scientific and the research study of diseases that occurs in the plants caused mainly by the pathogens or can be occur from the infectious organisms that are responsible for the major disease in the plants and environmental conditions or the physiological factors can also be responsible for it. This field of the science is deeply deals and is connected to plant disease epidemiology, agriculture crops, and the horticulture of species that are valuable and high importance to the human diet and other uses.

Anatomical pathology is a study that is concern with the identification and examination of disease based on the microscopic, macroscopic, molecular, and immunologic and biochemical examination of organs and tissues. It includes the verification of the chemical properties of cells, and their immunological markers. This includes abscission in the examination of tissues removed during surgery.

Veterinary pathologists are doctors of veterinary drugs and medicine who is trained and experienced in the diagnosis and the identification of diseases through the examination of cells, tissues and body fluids of the animals. Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the gross examination, microscopic, and molecular examination of organs, tissues, and whole bodies (necropsy).Clinical pathology is a sub speciality of veterinary pathology which is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the laboratory analysis of body fluids such as blood, urine or tissue aspirates using the tools of chemistry, microbiology, haematology and molecular pathology.

 Breast Pathology is the science that deals with the study of major diseases that are in concern or related with the breast. This can be determined and can be identified by professional healthcare workers. The test can include scans that can be related to present situation of the patients. It is advised to take ultrasound exams for the breast during the pregnancy to avoid the effect of radiation. In the same way MRI scan is also advised in case the patient is pregnant these tests helps in the identification of lump in the tissue. This also helps to prevent the disease and cancer in early stage.

It’s a research into cancer cells, tissues, fluids and organs to identify & detect causes and develop the strategies for detection, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and cure. Patient who thought scientific methods & techniques are the proper cancer research processes can brought the important perspectives to modern science research. This is mainly important in rare cancers i.e. sarcoma, Neuroendocrine, Lymphoma, Paediatric each patient becomes a valuable source of information for better identification & diagnose, it helps to understand the biology and the effect and can take preventive measure and treatment.

Cardiac Pathology is the study that mainly concern for various diseases that are related with heart. Diseases that include .i.e. congenital heart disease, hypertensive cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, congestive heart failure, cardiomyopathies, myocarditis, alular heart disease, pericardial disease, and cardiac tumours have been discussed in cardiac pathology. Common or basic symptoms of heart disease are chest pain, slow heartbeat, dizziness, tachycardia, fainting, and enema. The cardiac pathology also perform the autopsies for the detection and examination of cells, tissues, or the biological materials after the death of the patient. This plays a major role to determine or to identify the cause of the death. This can be taken as preventive measure to screen the patient’s family for any further heart disease or related health issues.

Cytopathology is a study of material which is concerned with the microscopic identification of individual cells, tissues that obtained from bodily fluid. Cytopathologists are experienced and trained to perform fine-needle aspirates of superficially located organs, masses, or cysts and are often able to render an immediate diagnosis in the presence of the patient and consulting physician. Cytopathology is commonly used to detect diseases involved a wide range of body sites. Cytopathologic tests are known to be smear tests as the sample may be spread or smear on top of a glass slide that can be kept under the microscope to detect the cells in order to find the diseases.

Colon carcinoma or colorectal cancer is the fourth most frequent diagnosed cancer and the second leading and the common cause of cancer death around the world.  The isolation, identification, characterization and detection of tumour genic colon cancer cells may help to devise identification and therapeutic methods. The colorectal cancer is created and can be propagated by a small number of undifferentiated tumour genic cells; therefore it should be the target of future therapies.

It’s a research into cancer cells, tissues, fluids and organs to identify & detect causes and develop the strategies for detection, diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and cure. Patient who thought scientific methods & techniques are the proper cancer research processes can brought the important perspectives to modern science research. This is mainly important in rare cancers i.e. sarcoma, Neuroendocrine, Lymphoma, Paediatric each patient becomes a valuable source of information for better identification & diagnose, it helps to understand the biology and the effect and can take preventive measure and treatment.

Dermatopathology is the study of epidermis layer of the body this mainly focused and concern with the detection and identification of disease for the treatment, cure and prevention. There are two main ways that a physician or specialist can take to obtain the correct and accqurate result. All pathologists and dermatologists are trained in the Pathology of the epidermis layer of the body or skin, so the  dermatopathology signify either a pathologist or a dermatologist can train or undergo with a course of 1 to 2 year fellowship in the field of Dermatopathology, either of these who has reached a certain level of training and experience. Dermatopathologist must maintain a vast and excellent base knowledge in the clinical dermatology, and be concern with several other specialty areas in Medicine and surgical experiences. Dermatologists are more focused in the identification and to recognize most skin diseases based on their appearances, behaviour and reactions. Sometimes, epidermis layer has taken for the biopsy that is to be examined under the microscope under the laboratory conditions using usual histological tests for the study of cell and tissues for the correct result and preventive measure and cure for the disease.

Immunopathology is the branch that deals with the study of immune system disorders. This book covers subjects such as immune reactivity to foreign molecules, allergies, immunodeficiencies, and organ transplant rejection.

The study of the chemical composition of physiological fluids utilizing assays and microscopes is known as chemical pathology, or clinical chemistry. The study of blood and its immunological components, such as white blood cells, is most typically related to chemical pathology.

The examination of tissues that have been detached during surgery is referred to as surgical pathology. A common example is examining a tiny number of cancer cells to determine if they are malignant (cancerous) or benign and making a diagnosis. A biopsy is the medical procedure used in this strategy.

Forensic pathology is a field of pathology that focuses on determining the cause of death by studying a corpse. During the investigation of criminal and civil law cases, a medical examiner or forensic pathologist performs a post-mortem examination in several jurisdictions.

The term "hematopathology" refers to the study of disorders that influence blood cells, their creation, and any organs or tissues involved in hematopoiesis, such as the bone marrow, spleen, and thym

Serology is a term used to describe blood tests that look for antibodies in our bodies. Various laboratory methods may be employed. Various serological tests are used to diagnose various health concerns. All serologic tests have in common is that they are all based on antibodies. It's all about the proteins.

Transfusion medicine has evolved into a multi-dimensional field that includes components of blood banking, immunohematology, coagulation, and hematology in its clinical practice. Adult, pediatric, and neonatal patients are all served by two hospital-based transfusion services.

Gynaecological pathology otherwise Surgical Pathology is a medical pathology specialist that focuses on the research and diagnosis of diseases affecting the female genital tract. A gynaecologic pathologist deals with gynaecological disorders.

Reproductive Pathology is the study of reproductive sciences, which primarily includes pathology history, assessment, and development of contemporary trends in pathology discoveries of animal reproduction systems and human reproductive system

Paediatric pathology focuses on the diagnosis and characterization of neoplastic and non-neoplastic disorders in children.

Geriatric pathology also called Aging Pathology deals with diseases that are common in old age, as well as the general phenomena that are the major causes of these diseases.

Neuropathology is the study of disorders related to nervous system and it is related to forensic pathology because brain disease or brain injury can be related to cause of death.

Social pathology is a conception developed in novel social science to refer both to aspects of social structures and to the behaviors and values attributed to particular social groups. Definitions of social pathology are specific to specific times and reflect the dominant moral concerns of the era.

Speech Pathology:  Speech Pathology is a field of expertise practiced by a clinician known as a speech–language pathologist or a speech and language therapist, both of whom may be referred to as a speech therapist.

5 Research Topics in Speech Language Pathology:

1.      Traumatic Injury and Language Function

2.      Development of Reading Skills In Youth

3.      Speech Processing In Elderly Patients

4.      Language and Its Relation to Hearing Loss

5.      Speech Related Diseases and Their Treatments

Pulmonary pathology is a part of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and characterization of  tumor and non- tumor diseases of the lungs and thoracic region.

Renal pathology is a part of anatomic pathology that deals with the diagnosis and characterization of medical diseases of the kidneys. Renal pathologists work closely with nephrologists and transplant surgeons, who typically obtain diagnostic specimens via percutaneous renal biopsy.

Orthopedic pathology, also known as bone pathology, is a part of surgical pathology which deals with the diagnosis and features of many bone diseases, specifically studying the causes and effects of disorders of the musculoskeletal system.

General pathology refers to a complicated and wide-ranging field that includes the investigation of the mechanisms underlying cell and tissue damage as well as knowledge of how the body reacts to and heals damage. Studying necrosis, neoplasia, wound healing, inflammation, and how cells respond to harm are a few examples of possible topics.

Biology's field of genetics focuses on the investigation of genes, genetic diversity, and inheritance in living things. Gregor Mendel, a Moravian scientist and Augustinian friar working in Brno in the 19th century, was the first to investigate genetics in a scientific manner even though heredity had been observed for thousands of years.

The scientific, methodical, and data-driven study of the prevalence, pattern, and determinants of health-related states and occurrences (not simply diseases) in particular populations is known as epidemiology (neighborhood, school, city, state, and country, global)

Clinical practise is a type of practise that focuses on working with and for clients, particularly when those tasks are carried out in their presence and with their cooperation. An ecologically oriented biopsychosocial evaluation guides these efforts.

Tissue Pathology/ Histopathology is the diagnosis and study of diseases of the tissues, and involves examining tissues and/or cells under a microscope. Histopathologists are responsible for making tissue diagnoses and helping clinicians manage a patient's care.

Cellular pathology is the study of structural and functional changes in cells, tissues and organs that underlie disease. It is a dynamic, fast-evolving specialism which saves many lives by providing rational clinical care and therapy in the fight against many serious diseases, particularly cancer.

The study of pathology examines the causes and consequences of illness or injury. The study of disease in general, which encompasses a wide range of biological research areas and medical specialties, is referred to as pathology. The Medical Pathology Includes:

1.Epidemics versus pandemics

2.Child health care

3. Medical humanitarian missions in the developing world

4. Homoeopathic medicines – the placebo effect

5. Virus infections – causes and treatment

6. Is medical research on animals ethical

7. Vaccination – dangers versus benefits

8. Artificial tissues and organs

9. Rare genetic diseases

10. Brain injuries